Diabetic Wound Healing and Its Angiogenesis with Special Reference to Nanoparticles

Foot ulcers are one of the main complications in diabetes mellitus, with a 15% life time risk in all diabetic patients. The problem and features are infection, ulceration, or gangrene. Neuropathy, poor circulation, and susceptibility to infection are the three major contributors to the development of diabetic foot; which when present, foot deformities or minor trauma can readily lead to ulceration and infection. Not all diabetic foots are preventable, but appropriate preventive measures can dramatically reduce their occurrences. Patients with diabetes display aberrant angiogenesis in various organs, with insufficient activity occurring in impaired wound healing including ulcers. Limited penetration of new blood vessels into the wound would restrict entry of inflammatory cells. VEGF is produced by keratinocytes that, together with macrophages, represent the most important source of this growth factor during normal wound healing. Nanotechnology, not only is widely used in industry, but also has been extensively explored for possible applications in medicine. Angiogenesis induced with the peptideDNA nanoparticles, gene delivery by using a matrix-based approach in which peptideDNA nanoparticles were formed with peptides that comprised a minimal-length lysine hexamer domain for initial DNA binding and a pair of cysteine residues for stabilization of the nanoparticle by disulfide crosslinking is helpful in induction of angiogenesis in delayed diabetic wound healing. Side effects of the production, manipulation and use of nanoparticles, and nanosafety has become a priority for application on human beings .